函数y=e~x的一特性及其应用

本文就函数y＝ex的一特性进行了讨论，同时利用此性质解决了数学分析中的几个具体问题．     

Employment

The 1990s began with unprecedented market conditions for labour: unemployment rates were reaching their highest level in over 50 years, participation in the labour market had fallen to historically low levels and net emigration was widespread across all occupations. It seemed that things could only get better. While some did benefit from the limited growth that took place in the nineties, many did not. The greater inequality generated during the 1980s was fanned by the deregulation of the labour market and remained undiminished throughout the following decade. The marked reduction in manufacturing employment in the 1980s continued into the early 1990s negatively impacting Maori and Pacific Island men and women in particular. Increasingly post‐secondary school education became necessary to gain entry into regular work and those with little formal education and few work skills fell further down the queue. These changes are closely allied to the processes of globalisation which is already exercising considerable influence on the employment opportunities of New Zealanders.     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Winston Halapua, Living on the fringe: Melanesians of Fiji Patrick Fuery and Nick Mansfield, Cultural Studies and Critical Theory Keith Chambers and Anne Chambers, Unity of Heart. Culture and Change in a Polynesian Atoll Society Alice Aruhe’eta Pollard, Givers of Wisdom, Labourers without Gain: Essays on Women in Solomon Islands Prema–chandra Athukorala, Chris Manning and Piyasiri Wickramasekara, Growth, Employment and Migration in Southeast Asia: Structural Change in the Greater Mekong Countries Edvard Hviding and Tim Bayliss–Smith, Islands of Rainforest: Agroforestry, Logging and Eco–tourism in Solomon Islands     

Inequality and conflict in Fiji: From purgatory to hell?

Abstract: This article examines socio‐economic inequality in Fiji and finds that, contrary to oft‐repeated claims, inequality between Fiji"s major ethnic groups (inter‐ethnic inequality) is less significant than inequality within each ethnic group (intra‐ethnic inequality). In spite of this reality, inter‐group inequality and affirmative action policies have remained central features of state policy in Fiji. This article suggests that Fiji's experience has three implications for the growing literature on the relationship between inequality and conflict. First, examining average inequality between groups can be misleading. Secondly, a key to understanding the relationship between ethnic and economic cleavages in post‐colonial plural societies, such as Fiji, is in the interaction between intra‐group and inter‐group inequality. Thirdly, there does not seem to be a straightforward relationship between actual levels of inequality, perceptions of inequality, and the prominence given to inequality in ethno‐nationalist discourse. In Fiji's case, the strategic deployment of inter‐group inequality has served, and continues to serve, the material and discursive interests of some political elites. As a result, the intersection between ethnicity, inequality and political rivalry in contemporary Fiji has been the source of much conflict and, importantly, may offer a nexus on which attempts at conflict resolution should focus.     

Effects of urbanization on California’s fish diversity: Differentiation, homogenization and the influence of spatial scale

Human development of freshwater ecosystems has lead to drastic changes in freshwater fish faunas, including the loss of many native species and the gain of non-natives. Typically conservation ecologists view these two opposing forces as contributing to biological homogenization, and consider homogenization as one of the principle negative consequences of urbanization. However, homogenization is only one outcome out of many that can result from the loss and gain of species. In particular, it is possible for invasions and extinctions to lead to differentiation; a process whereby two (or more) regions become less similar to one another through time. Using the freshwater fishes of California, we show that urbanization is highly positively correlated to both the endangerment of native fish and the invasion of non-native fish within watersheds. Despite this, the fish faunas of California’s watersheds have differentiated from one another through time. Furthermore, the degree of differentiation is positively correlated with measures of urbanization, which is contrary to expectation. We suggest that this result reflects: (1) the haphazard manner in which non-native fishes have been introduced into California watersheds, (2) the difficulty that both native and non-native fishes have in expanding their geographical ranges, and (3) the continued presence of vestiges of formerly distinct regional faunas. This pattern of differentiation among watersheds is likely a matter of scale, as previous work on freshwater fishes has demonstrated homogenization at both larger and smaller spatial scales. In addition the observed pattern is probably a short-term (temporal) phenomena and will disappear with continued invasion and extinction. We suggest that similar patterns may occur for other taxa that have limited natural dispersal abilities and that are idiosyncratically released as non-natives via human activities (e.g. herptiles).     

荒漠化防治条件下土地利用系统多维灰色动态评估——以山西省河曲县为例

通过对山西省河曲县荒漠化防治效益的多维灰色动态评估,实现了静态的横向比较和动态的纵向比较。预测了不同土地利用系统的发展趋势,并划分了6种发展趋势类型:即高稳定型、低稳定型、中稳定型、上升型、下降型和不稳定型。结果表明,河曲县的荒漠化防治效益以上升趋势为主。     

VARIATION OF LOCALLY LIPSCHITZ FUNCTION ON FINSLER MANIFOLD

In this paper, we generalize the generalized gradient of clarke on Banach manifold to the case of Finsler manifold and discuss the variational property of corresponding locally Lipschitz function, such as pseudo-gradient vector field, deformation lemma and Morse inequality.     

用分段放缩法证明不等式

本文提出1种新的证明不等式的方法－分段放缩法。先将不等式转化成函数不等式，然后在每个局部区间上证明不等式。     

变量限制条件下的柯西不等式

本文介绍了在变量限制条件下的柯西不等式，同时用数学归纳法予以证明之，顺便给出了一些有意义的结果。     

劳动力配置对农户收入及收入不均等的影响——基于要素市场发育的视角

为厘清外部市场环境对农户收入增长以及收入分配的影响,本研究利用分位数回归,基于2020年南京农业大学中国土地经济调查数据库(CLES),从要素市场发育的视角探究农户家庭劳动力配置对收入及收入不均等的影响。结果表明：相对于完备的要素市场,市场发育不完备造成的劳动力配置扭曲会对农户收入有显著负向影响;同时将农户分为不同收入组后发现,要素市场发育不完备造成的劳动力配置扭曲对低收入和中等收入组农户的影响更为显著,在一定程度上加剧了农户收入不均等。由此提出以下建议,应当进一步加强农村要素市场建设,优化农户家庭劳动力配置,实现农民收入增长的同时,努力缩小农户内部收入差距。